The true frogs, family What does and does not belong to each family is determined by a taxonomist. Similarly for the question if a particular family should be recognized at all. Often there is no exact agreement, with different taxonomists each taking a different position. There are no hard rules that a taxonomist needs to follow in describing or recognizing a family Ranidae, have the widest distribution of any frog Frogs are amphibians in the order Anura , formerly referred to as Salientia (Latin salere (salio), "to jump"). Most frogs are characterized by long hind legs, a short body, webbed digits (fingers or toes), protruding eyes and the absence of a tail. Frogs are widely known as exceptional jumpers, and many of the anatomical characteristics family. They are abundant throughout most of the world, occurring on all continents A continent is one of several large landmasses on Earth. They are generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria. Within most English speaking countries seven regions are commonly regarded as continents – they are : Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia except Antarctica Antarctica (pronounced /ænˈtɑrktɪkə/ ) is Earth's southernmost continent, underlying the South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the southern hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14.0 million km2 (5.4 million sq mi), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after. The true frogs are present in North America North America is the northern continent of the Americas, situated in the Earth's northern hemisphere and in the western hemisphere. It is bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the southeast by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west by the North Pacific Ocean; South America lies to the southeast. North, northern South America South America is the southern continent of America, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest, Europe Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus Mountains (or the Kuma-Manych Depression), and the Black Sea to the southeast. Europe is bordered, Asia Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.6% of the earth's total surface area and with approximately 4 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population, Madagascar Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar , is an island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa. The main island, also called Madagascar, is the fourth-largest island in the world, and is home to 5% of the world's plant and animal species, of which more than 80% are endemic to Madagascar.[citation needed] They include the, Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area. With a billion people (as of 2009, see table) in 61 territories, it accounts for about 14.72% of the World's human population and from the East Indies East Indies was a term used in the 1600's—about what is now known as South East Asia by the usage of the term indies relating to islands it is closer to Maritime Southeast Asia in sense than the broader term. Historically the term is usually found in relation to the colonial activity in the region, such as the number of East India Companies that to New Guinea New Guinea, located north of Australia, is the world's second largest island. It became separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known as the Torres Strait flooded after the last glacial period. The name Papua has long been associated with the island. The western half of the island contains the Indonesian provinces of Papua and; the species There are quite a lot of definitions of what kind of unit a species is . A common definition is that of a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring of both genders, and separated from other such groups with which interbreeding does not (normally) happen. Other definitions may focus on similarity of DNA or native to Australia Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent (the world's smallest), the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.N4 Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor, and Papua New Guinea to the north, - the Australian Wood Frog (Hylarana daemelii) - is restricted to the far north.
Typically, true frogs are smooth, moist-skinned frogs, with large, powerful legs and extensively webbed feet. The true frogs vary greatly in size, ranging from small – such as the Wood Frog Wood frog is the common name given to Rana sylvatica. The wood frog has a broad North American distribution, extending from the southern Appalachians to the boreal forest (Rana sylvatica) – to the largest frog in the world, the Goliath frog (Conraua goliath).
Many of the true frogs are aquatic or live close to water. Most species lay their eggs in the water and go through a tadpole stage. However, as with most families of frogs, there is large variation of habitat A habitat is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of animal or plantor rock with a face (because they are living when they have a face) or other type of organism. It is the natural environment in which an organism lives, or the physical environment that surrounds (influences and is utilized by) a species within the family. Those of the genus Tomopterna are burrowing frogs native to Africa and exhibit most of the characteristics common to burrowing frogs around the world. There are also arboreal species of true frogs, and the family includes some of the very few amphibians Amphibians , such as frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians, are ectothermic (or cold-blooded) animals that metamorphose from a juvenile water-breathing form, to an adult air-breathing form. Though amphibians typically have four limbs, the Caecilians are notable for being limbless. Unlike other land vertebrates (amniotes), amphibians lay that can live in brackish water Technically, brackish water contains between 0.5 and 30 grams of salt per litre—more often expressed as 0.5 to 30 parts per thousand . Thus, brackish covers a range of salinity regimes and is not considered a precisely defined condition. It is characteristic of many brackish surface waters that their salinity can vary considerably over space and/[1].
Systematics
The subdivisions of the Ranidae are still a matter of dispute, although many are coming to an agreement. Most authors believe the subfamily What does and does not belong to each family is determined by a taxonomist. Similarly for the question if a particular family should be recognized at all. Often there is no exact agreement, with different taxonomists each taking a different position. There are no hard rules that a taxonomist needs to follow in describing or recognizing a family Petropedetinae is actually a distinct family called Petropedetidae[2]. The validity of the Cacosterninae is likewise disputed; they are usually merged in the Petropedetinae but when the latter are considered a distinct family the Cacosterninae are often awarded at least subspecific distinctness too, and sometimes split off entirely. Still, there is general agreement today that the Mantellidae Mantellidae is a family of the order Anura. These frogs are found only in Madagascar and Mayotte, which were formerly considered another ranid subfamily, form a distinct family. There is also a recent trend to split off the forked-tongued frogs as distinct family Dicroglossidae again.
In addition, the delimitation and validity of several genera In biology, a genus is a taxonomic unit (a taxon) used in the classification of living and fossil organisms. The term comes from Latin genus "descent, family, type, gender", cognate with Greek: γένος – genos, "race, stock, kin" is in need of more research (though much progress has been made in the last years). Namely how the huge genus Rana Rana is a genus of frogs. Species include such archetypal pond frogs as the Common Frog of Europe, brown frogs, and the New World true frogs including the leopard frog. Members of this genus are found through much of Eurasia, North America, Central America, and the northern half of South America. Many other genera were formerly included here; see is best split up requires some more study[3]. While the splitting-off of several genera – like Pelophylax – is rather uncontroversial, the American bullfrogs The American Bullfrog is an aquatic frog, a member of the family Ranidae, or "true frogs", native to much of North America. This is a frog of larger, permanent water bodies, swamps, ponds, lakes, where it is usually found along the water's edge . On rainy nights, bullfrogs along with many other amphibians, go overland and may be seen in formerly separated in Lithobates and groups like Babina or Nidirana represent far more disputed cases.[4]
While too little of the vast diversity of true frogs has been subject to recent studies to say something definite, as of mid-2008 studies are ongoing and several lineages are recognizable.[5]
- Genera like Nyctibatrachus, Staurois, and the complex around Euphlyctis, Hoplobatrachus, Nannophrys, Sphaerotheca and the paraphyletic In phylogenetics, a group of organisms is said to be paraphyletic if the group contains its most recent common ancestor but does not contain all the descendants of that ancestor Fejervarya are probably very ancient offshoots of the main Raninae lineage.
- Amolops Amolops is a quite large genus of true frogs native mainly to eastern and southeastern Asia. These frogs are quite closely related to such genera as Huia, Meristogenys, Odorrana, Pelohylax and Rana, but still form a distinct lineage among the core radiation of true frogs. They are commonly known as "torrent frogs" after their favorite has been delimited by and large as a monophyletic In common cladistic usage, a monophyletic group is a taxon which forms a clade, meaning that it consists of an ancestor and all its descendants. The term is synonymous with the uncommon term holophyly. It is contrasted with the terms paraphyly, which is a taxon consisting of an ancestor and some of its descendants, and polyphyly, which is a taxon group.
- Odorrana and Rana plus some proposed minor genera (which probably ought to be included in the latter) form another group.
- A group including Clinotarsus, Huia in the strict sense and Meristogenys
- An ill-defined assemblage of Babina, Glandirana, Hylarana, Pulchrana, Sanguirana, Sylvirana, as well as Hydrophylax and Pelophylax which are probably not monophyletic In common cladistic usage, a monophyletic group is a taxon which forms a clade, meaning that it consists of an ancestor and all its descendants. The term is synonymous with the uncommon term holophyly. It is contrasted with the terms paraphyly, which is a taxon consisting of an ancestor and some of its descendants, and polyphyly, which is a taxon. It is likely that some groups will become clearer as more species There are quite a lot of definitions of what kind of unit a species is . A common definition is that of a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring of both genders, and separated from other such groups with which interbreeding does not (normally) happen. Other definitions may focus on similarity of DNA or are included in studies.
Genera
Unidentified Nyctibatrachus from Phanasad Wildlife Sanctuary, Maharashtra Maharashtra (Marathi: महाराष्ट्र mahārāṣṭra, IPA [məharaːʂʈrə] ) is a state located on the western coast of India. It is India's third largest state by area and second largest by population. It is also the richest state in India, contributing to 15% of the country's industrial output and 13.2% of its GDP in year 2005-: a member of an ancient lineage of true frogs Ishikawa's Frog (Odorrana ishikawae), formerly placed in Rana Rana is a genus of frogs. Species include such archetypal pond frogs as the Common Frog of Europe, brown frogs, and the New World true frogs including the leopard frog. Members of this genus are found through much of Eurasia, North America, Central America, and the northern half of South America. Many other genera were formerly included here; see which now contains a closely related branch Bicolored Frog (Clinotarsus curtipes), related to Meristogenys and Huia proper. It was also formerly in Rana, but is well distinct- Afrana
- Allopaa Ohler & Dubois, 2006
- Amietia
- Amnirana
- Amolops Amolops is a quite large genus of true frogs native mainly to eastern and southeastern Asia. These frogs are quite closely related to such genera as Huia, Meristogenys, Odorrana, Pelohylax and Rana, but still form a distinct lineage among the core radiation of true frogs. They are commonly known as "torrent frogs" after their favorite
- Anhydrophryne
- Arthroleptella
- Arthroleptides
- Aubria
- Babina (sometimes included in Rana)
- Batrachylodes
- Cacosternum
- Ceratobatrachus
- Chaparana
- Chrysopaa Ohler & Dubois, 2006
- Clinotarsus Mivart 1869 (formerly in Rana, includes Nasirana)
- Conraua
- Dimorphognathus
- Discodeles
- Ericabatrachus
- Euphlyctis
- Fejervarya (formerly in Rana, paraphyletic In phylogenetics, a group of organisms is said to be paraphyletic if the group contains its most recent common ancestor but does not contain all the descendants of that ancestor)
- Fagayman
- Glandirana (formerly in Rana)
- Hildebrandtia
- Hoplobatrachus
- Huia (polyphyletic For example, the group consisting of warm-blooded animals is polyphyletic, because it contains both mammals and birds, but the most recent common ancestor of mammals and birds was cold-blooded. Warm-bloodedness evolved separately in the ancestors of mammals and the ancestors of birds, so it is not a true phylogenetic grouping)
- Hydrophylax Fitzinger 1843 (formerly in Rana, polyphyletic)
- Hylarana Tschudi 1838 (formerly in Rana)
- Indirana
- Ingerana
- Lankanectes
- Lanzarana
- Limnonectes
- Meristogenys (might belong in Huia)
- Micrixalus
- Microbatrachella
- Minervarya
- Nannophrys
- Nanorana
- Natalobatrachus
- Nothophryne
- Nyctibatrachus
- Occidozyga
- Odorrana (formerly in Rana)
- Paa
- Palmatorappia
- Pelophylax Fitzinger 1843 (formerly in Rana, probably paraphyletic)
- Petropedetes
- Phrynobatrachus
- Phrynodon
- Platymantis
- Pseudoamolops
- Poyntonia
- Pterorana
- Ptychadena
- Pulchrana (formerly in Rana)
- Pyxicephalus
- Rana Rana is a genus of frogs. Species include such archetypal pond frogs as the Common Frog of Europe, brown frogs, and the New World true frogs including the leopard frog. Members of this genus are found through much of Eurasia, North America, Central America, and the northern half of South America. Many other genera were formerly included here; see
- Sanguirana (formerly in Rana)
- Sphaerotheca
- Staurois
- Strongylopus
- Sylvirana Dubois 1992 (formerly in Rana)
- Tomopterna
Species
Footnotes
- ^ Gordon et al. (1961)
- ^ Frost (2006)
- ^ Hillis & Wilcox (2005), Pauly et al. (2009)
- ^ Cai et al. (2007), Pauly et al. (2009)
- ^ Cai et al. (2007), Kotaki et al. (2008), Stuart (2008)
References
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ranidae |
- Cai, Hong-xia; Che, Jing, Pang, Jun-feng; Zhao, Er-mi & Zhang, Ya-ping (2007): Paraphyly of Chinese Amolops (Anura, Ranidae) and phylogenetic position of the rare Chinese frog, Amolops tormotus. Zootaxa 1531: 49–55. PDF fulltext
- Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. & Kirschner, D. (2004): Encyclopedia of Reptiles & Amphibians (2nd ed.). Fog City Press. ISBN 1-877019-69-0
- Frost, Darrel R. (2006): Amphibian Species of the World Version 3 - Petropedetidae Noble, 1931. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Retrieved 2006-AUG-05.
- Frost, Darrel R. et al. (2006): The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Number 297. New York.
- Gordon, Malcolm S.; Schmidt-Nielsen Knut Schmidt-Nielsen was a prominent figure in the field of comparative physiology and a long-time professor at Duke University, Knut & Kelly, Hamilton M. (1961): Osmotic Regulation in the Crab-Eating Frog (Rana cancrivora). J. Exp. Biol. 38(3): 659–678. PDF fulltext
- Hillis, D.M. (2007) Constraints in naming parts of the Tree of Life. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 42(2): 331–338. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other entity. The DOI for a document remains fixed over the lifetime of the document, unlike URLs which can change when a publisher of online content changes its web server's file structure, and the DOI System provides a mechanism for locating an:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.001 PDF fulltext
- Hillis, D.M. & Wilcox, T.P. (2005): Phylogeny of the New World true frogs (Rana). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 34(2): 299–314. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other entity. The DOI for a document remains fixed over the lifetime of the document, unlike URLs which can change when a publisher of online content changes its web server's file structure, and the DOI System provides a mechanism for locating an:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.007 PDF fulltext
- Kotaki, Manabu; Kurabayashi, Atsushi; Matsui, Masafumi; Khonsue, Wichase; Djong, Tjong Hon; Tandon, Manuj & Sumida, Masayuki (2008): Genetic Divergences and Phylogenetic Relationships Among the Fejervarya limnocharis Complex in Thailand and Neighboring Countries Revealed by Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genes. Zool. Sci. 25(4): 381–390. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other entity. The DOI for a document remains fixed over the lifetime of the document, unlike URLs which can change when a publisher of online content changes its web server's file structure, and the DOI System provides a mechanism for locating an:10.2108/zsj.25.381 (HTML abstract)
- Pauly, Greg B., Hillis, David M. & Cannatella, David C. (2009): Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names. Herpetologica 65: 115-128. PDF fulltext
- Stuart, Bryan L. (2008): The phylogenetic problem of Huia (Amphibia: Ranidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 46(1): 49-60. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other entity. The DOI for a document remains fixed over the lifetime of the document, unlike URLs which can change when a publisher of online content changes its web server's file structure, and the DOI System provides a mechanism for locating an:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.016 PDF fulltext
External links
Categories: Frogs by classification | True frogs
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What do you call a frog with legs Dinner 8 Toad and Mouse Andy Maddox confirms that the toad in the picture has prominent cranial crests warty skin and parotid poison producing glands These are all characteristics of the true toads in the
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Sat, 11 Jul 2009 22:28:17 GM
This . frog. in the well attitude coupled with mismanagement at the highest levels have brought us where we are today; still one of the poorest countries in the world without even a stretch of a 10 mile decent road to travel on or worst ...
Q. is it true that you shouldn't release a grey tree frog after you capture it from the wild?
Asked by quoar - Thu Nov 27 13:58:37 2008 - - 3 Answers - 0 Comments
A. If kept in domestication for a long time,then you really shouldn't.Any wild animal,if kept as a pet for a long period of time,will lose its natural instincts.Considering that,the animal cannot fend off for itself in the wild now that its natural hunting and hiding instincts are gone.If you release it,you might as well have killed it as it woll die after a few days in the wild. ...
Answered by CyFox - Thu Nov 27 15:30:30 2008
